The relationship Between Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol
1- What means by obesity, Cholesterol, lipid
profile, and triglycerides?
2- Why you must check your lipid profile
continuously?
3- Cholesterol and triglycerides in your lipid
profile and the relationship between it and obesity?
4- The obesity, lipid profile, and overweight Definitions
5- Medical Complications of Obesity and cholesterol, triglycerides increasing
6- Lipid profile and hypertension
7- Obesity and osteoarthritis
8- Obesity and sleep apnea
9- Cholesterol And Cardiovascular Disease
10- Obesity And Pulmonary Abnormalities
11- Relation between obesity and Cardio-vascular diseases
12- Obesity and Type2 diabetes mellitus relationship
13- Lipid profile investigation, Cholesterol and triglycerides, and blood pressure relationship
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| Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol are complete details. |
1-What means lipid profile, cholesterol, triglycerides, and obesity?
lipid profile investigation, cholesterol, and triglycerides are a group of blood tests that give us the first idea for
abnormalities in lipids such as cholesterol Triglyceride and the abnormal
results of this test can identify many genetic diseases and can determine
approximate risk for cardiovascular diseases, certain forms of pancreatitis,
and other diseases. The lipid profile typically includes Total cholesterol,
Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein
(HDL). Using these values, a laboratory may also calculate Very low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL) and cholesterol (HDL ratio). The associations between being overweight and many diseases have been established body fat distribution could
possibly identify subjects with the highest risk of disturbed lipid profile has
always been associated with cardiovascular diseases.
2- Why you must check your lipid profile continuously?
You must check your lipid profile every 6 months
at least because your lipid profile tells you about the amount of cholesterol,
triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol in your blood to avoid cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, and blood clots that may occur in obesity.
3- Cholesterol and triglycerides in your lipid profile and the relationship between it and obesity?
Anthropometric measurements can easily reflect any changes in the lipid concentration in the human body. Obesity is a worldwide health problem, it's associated with excessive fat accumulation in the human body to the extent that health and well-being are adversely affected by changing food habits and sedentary lifestyles, the prevalence of obesity has increased markedly in western countries faster than in developing ones. Obesity may increase the risk of many diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Intra-abdominal fat has been identified as being the most clinically relevant type of fat in humans. Increased levels of LDL, high TC, and low levels of HDL are frequently observed in combination with hypertriglyceridemia.
Body mass index, waist, and hip circumferences were found to be useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive nutritional evaluation is also important in these cases. It should involve the subject and his family members. Even adolescents in charge of their own meals should have family members involved in parts of the assessment and counseling. Adolescents with high TC or LDL may have a genetic lipid metabolism disorder such as familial hypercholesterolemia.
Those with homozygous chromosomes forms can experience myocardial infarction or other events at an early age. Familial hypercholesterolemia is often diagnosed in adolescence and is characterized by high LDL levels that can be refractory to dietary treatment. Other causes of dyslipidemia include anabolic steroid use, anorexia nervosa, cigarette smoking, diabetes, glycogen storage diseases, hypothyroidism, liver disease, and medications like corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and certain oral contraceptives.
Other causes like overweight and obesity, renal disease, therapeutic diet (ketogenic and high carbohydrate diet) and transplant (bone marrow, heart, kidney, or liver) may also cause dyslipidemia. In adults, high (LDL) is strongly associated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) while high (HDL) is usually protective. Lowering lipids through dietary or pharmacological therapy has been shown to decrease the incidence of atherosclerotic events.
The extent of
abnormal lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence is
related to the severity of Atherosclerosis. Encouraging omega -3- fatty acid
consumption and increasing dietary fiber intake, fruits vegetables
cereals oats whole grains, and legumes are good sources of soluble fiber.
Antioxidant food sources – carotenoids and
vitamins "C and E" may lower (CHD) risk recommended antioxidant,
rich foods such as whole grains, citrus fruits, melons, berries, and dark
orange, yellow or leafy green vegetables act supplements.
Recent recommendations stress that weight
management includes optimizing LDL, HDL, and TG levels, Increased physical
activity quitting smoking, follows up and monitoring are essential. A selective
lipid screening is recommended when we have a strong family history or two or
more (CHD) risk factors.
4- The obesity, lipid profile, and overweight Definitions:
In clinical practice, body fat is most commonly estimated by using a formula that combines weight and height. The underlying assumption is that most variation in weight for persons of the same height is due to fat mass, and the formula most frequently used in epidemiological studies is the body mass index (BMI).
A graded classification of overweight and obesity using BMI values provides valuable information about increasing body fatness. It allows meaningful comparisons of weight status within and between populations and the identification of individuals and groups at risk of morbidity and mortality. It also permits the identification of priorities for intervention at an individual or community level and for evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions.
It is important to appreciate that, owing to differences in body proportions, BMI may not correspond to the same degree of fatness across different populations. Nor does it account for the wide variation in the nature of obesity between different individuals and populations. A World Health Organization(WHO) expert committee has proposed the classification of overweight and obesity that applies to men and women and to all adult age groups.
Cut-off points proposed
by a WHO expert committee for the classification of overweight
|
BMI* (kg m–2) |
WHO classification |
Popular
description |
|
<18.5 |
Underweight |
Thin |
|
18.5–24.9 |
- |
Healthy,
‘normal’, ‘acceptable |
|
25.0–29.9 |
Grade 1 overweight |
Overweight |
|
30.0–39.9 |
Grade 2 overweight |
Obesity |
|
≥40.0 |
Grade 3 overweight |
Morbid obesity |
*BMI is the weight in kilograms divided by the
square of the height in meters.
5- Medical Complications of Obesity and cholesterol, triglycerides increasing:
The medical reasons for avoiding weight gain have been well documented by obesity research. The good news is that even a ten-pound drop in weight can reduce your chances of developing medical complications like type 2 diabetes.
Certain medical complications are
aggravated by weight gain. Please note that this list by no means covers all
obesity consequences. These complications include Joint, hip, and back problems,
Cancer, Type 2 diabetes, Fatigue, Gallstones, GERD (gastroesophageal reflux
disease; acid reflux disease), Heart disease, High cholesterol, Hypertension,
Insomnia, Kidney disease, Liver disease, Osteoarthritis.
One of the most dramatic medical complications resulting from obesity is Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes and obesity are closely linked: severe obesity increases the chances of developing type 2 diabetes by more than fifty times.
According to the American Diabetes
Association, nearly 9 out of 10 people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes are
overweight. In fact, childhood obesity accounts for a forty percent increase in
type 2 diabetes, a medical condition that was once considered an adult
disease. Hormones produced by fat tissue (adipose tissue) have been linked
to the onset of type 2 diabetes: either the body loses its ability to
produce insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. In either case, the cells
become energy starved. Type 2 diabetes has its own complications, including
blindness, nerve damage, kidney damage, and hypertension.
6- Lipid profile and hypertension :
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a
medical complication of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and a leading risk factor
for heart disease and stroke. Even a weight gain of thirty pounds is enough to
raise blood pressure. High blood pressure alters blood chemistry, causing blood
clots.
7- Obesity and osteoarthritis:
Osteoarthritis is often referred to as
"wear and tear" arthritis. Over time the joint cartilage wears down,
resulting in bone-to-bone contact and discomfort. Degenerative arthritis is
common among obese individuals, due to the increased stress on weight-bearing
joints, knees, and back. That, in turn, causes pain and eventually loss of
mobility. A significant correlation between uric acid levels and weight has
been found. The chance of gout is dramatically increased when a patient’s
weight is greater than 130% above the desirable weight. Weight loss will
markedly decrease potential problems.
8- Obesity and sleep apnea :
Sleep apnea is a condition in which breathing
during sleep becomes difficult, often because of extra weight. Snoring is a
common sign of sleep apnea, and the sleeper may stop breathing for up to a minute
at a time. Sleep apnea increases the chances of fatal heart attacks. People
also tend to wake up when breathing resumes, often several times a night. This
leads to daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Chronic fatigue weakens the immune
system, increasing health risks.
Cancer: The numbers are in. Obesity is one of the highest and most preventable risk factors for certain cancers. People battling obesity are more susceptible to a variety of cancers. Women are three times as likely to develop breast, uterine, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Men are at higher risk for prostate and colon cancer.
9- Cholesterol And Cardiovascular Disease:
Research indicates that for each 10% increase in
body weight there is an approximate 20% increase in the incidence of coronary
artery disease. The problem is also complicated by the higher incidence of
hypertension and high cholesterol levels in obese individuals.
10- Obesity And Pulmonary Abnormalities:
Obese individuals are at higher risk for
developing pulmonary health problems, including COPD. These problems can range
in severity from reversible conditions to irreversible damage. For example, a decrease in lung volume can lead to shortness of breath and feelings of air
hunger during physical activities. Sleep apnea, a condition noted as
waking up to catch your breath, is more common among obese individuals. Other
permanent changes can take place which may not improve or reverse with weight
loss.
Psychological Issues: Impairment of body image is a major form of psychological disturbance for the obese. In addition, repeated failure of diet and exercise increases the feeling of despair and depression. Immobility and physical incapacity due to back/joint problems and shortness of breath are major contributors to the lifestyle restrictions most obese individuals face.
These factors can also contribute to absenteeism and unemployment. In addition, prejudice against obese individuals is a challenge that overweight people must face on a daily bases.
11- Relation between obesity and C.V.D :
Cardiovascular disease is widely considered the main death and disability cause around the world. Despite the decrease in the proportion of death occurrences due to cardiovascular disease in developed countries in the last decades, these indexes have significantly increased in low and medium-income countries.
Appositive relations have been established
between cardiovascular manifestations and genetic, environmental land
lifestyle factors. The multiplicative effect of the co-existence of these
manifestations and the risk factors, which exponentially increase the risk for
coronary arterial disease, is emphasized, whit the Framingham study the first
risk factors for cardiovascular disease were identified as arterial hypertension,
high cholesterol levels, or reduced HDL- cholesterol levels, smoking other risk
factors that may increase the general risk such as overweight /obesity physical
in activity atherogenic diet, stress "socioeconomic and psychosocial
" family history of premature cardiovascular disease and genetic or racial
factors.
Obesity and, more recently overweight are obstacles in many countries, including Brazil, and many attempts have been made to identify the best anthropometric predictor of chronic diseases in different populations.
Abdominal adiposity has been
considered one of the best predictors of cardiovascular diseases. However,
although the imaging diagnosis technique is the most effective method, it is
limited when employed in epidemiological studies due to its high costs and
methodological difficulties, therefore anthropometric markers, like waist
circumference and waist- to hip ratio, for example, have been widely used in
epidemiological studies carried out in Europe and the united
states, notwithstanding there are few studies available that explore the
accuracy of such measures in developing countries, Besides there are few
studies available that explore the accuracy of such measures in developing
countries Besides, there is controversy with regard to the best indicator of
abdominal fat
12- Obesity and Type2 diabetes mellitus relationship:
Obesity is characterized by elevated fasting plasma insulin and an
exaggerated insulin response to an oral glucose load. Overall fatness and the
distribution of body fat influence glucose metabolism through independent but
additive mechanisms.
Increasing upper body obesity is accompanied by a progressive
increase in the glucose and insulin response to an oral glucose challenge with
a positive correlation being observed between increasing upper body obesity and
measures of insulin resistance.
Post-hepatic insulin delivery is increased in upper body obesity leading to more marked peripheral insulin concentrations that, intern, lead to peripheral insulin resistance.
Different fat depots vary in their responsiveness to hormones that regulate lipolysis and this also varies according to fat distribution. In both men and women, the lipolytic response to nor-adrenalin is more marked in the abdominal than gluteal or femoral adipose tissue. Cortisol may also contribute to this enhanced lipolysis by further inhibiting the anti-lipolytic effect of insulin.
These factors contribute to an exaggerated release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from abdominal adipocytes into the portal system. FFAs have a deleterious effect on insulin uptake by the liver and contribute to the increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose release observed in upper-body obesity. Insulin insensitivity is confined not only to adipocytes — the process being accentuated by insulin resistance of skeletal muscle.
The elevation in plasma FFA concentration, particularly postprandial when they are usually suppressed by insulin, leads to inappropriate maintenance of glucose production and impairment of hepatic glucose utilization (impaired glucose tolerance).
Diabetes foods to eat......read this article.
13- Lipid profile investigation, Cholesterol and triglycerides and, blood pressure relationship:
High blood cholesterol may also lead to high
blood pressure through increased salt sensitivity. Cholesterol accumulation in
kidney cells increases sodium retention. Sodium retention can increase blood
volume, which increases blood pressure. Sodium retention also lowers
endothelial cell nitric oxide production.
High salt intake in people with salt-sensitive hypertension causes a decrease
in artery elasticity and raises blood pressure, according to a study published
in the February 2001 issue of “Hypertension.” Increased blood pressure can, in
turn, drive more LDLs into the artery wall, setting the stage for a vicious
cycle that promotes atherosclerosis(.
lipid profile check is essential to save your cholesterol triglycerides at normal values.
To avoid obesity and the increase in cholesterol
and triglycerides you must read these Recommendations:
• Stay away from food,
such as full-fat (milk, yogurt, and cheese), whole.
• Be sure to eat breakfast because they gain a measure of satiety and reduce
the feeling of hunger.
• Reduction of pastries and aerated waters and not consistently addressed
because of its damage to bones.
• Try to start eating a green salad before the rest of the food at the main meal.
• Begin in Balsulthm eating soup, then start eating protein and carbohydrates.
• Do not do any kind of sport after the food directly, but then b 3 hours.
Walking for at least 40 minutes to warm up a consensus between the 30-minute and
10-d Starts To Burn, which after half an hour
• Always remember those fast foods ready-filled calories and low in nutritional
value
• Eating well, taking into account well during chewing food.